Purpose: In the hybrid electricity market consisting of renewable and conventional energy, the generation output of renewable power is uncertain because of its intermittency, and the power market demand is also fluctuant. Meanwhile, there is fierce competition among power producers in the power...

The photoelectrochemical reduction of CO2 provides a clean and sustainable route to produce value-added chemicals and fuels using sunlight as the energy source and greenhouse gas CO2 as the feedstock. However, the use of pure CO2 decreases the economic feasibility of the technology. Direct...