Global energy security is a growing worldwide concern in the presence of high economic policy uncertainty (EPU) that can be addressed by advancing sustainable energy diversification (ED) practices. Energy security can be estimated by combining ED and EPU indices; hence, this study uses a dataset...

Purpose: This study aims to examine the effect of greenfield foreign direct investment (GFDI) and mergers and acquisitions (M&A) on the environment and more specifically, on the sectoral emissions of CO2. The authors identify significant differential and income effects with various data...

Tobacco taxation is the most effective measure to reduce cigarette consumption, and consequently improve public health outcomes. It is also an important source of government revenue. The presence of an illicit tobacco market diminishes the public health and fiscal gains of cigarette levies by...

Spanning over a century, the strong bilateral relations between the Philippines and the United States supported the country’s development through foreign direct investments, trade, and tourism. Among the tangible gains from this century-long relationship are the following:● Increased...