Considering the complexity of energy systems and the uncertainties surrounding the transition path, governments must take into account not only environmental concerns but also energy security and affordability in economic progress pathways. Therefore, using population growth and energy usage as...

China’s transport sector has experienced a rapid growth in the last two decades, which causes heavy related carbon emissions and environmental pollutions due to its feature of high energy-intensive. A number of scholars have conducted studies to identify the sector’s potential energy savings...