The literature on the growth effects of defense integration remains inconclusive. This is due to substantial methodological difficulties mostly driven by country heterogeneity. In this paper, we address these concerns using the synthetic control method. It constructs counterfactuals for...

The literature on the growth effects of defense integration remains inconclusive. This is due to substantial methodological difficulties mostly driven by country heterogeneity. In this paper, we address these concerns using the synthetic control method. It constructs counterfactuals for...

Beyond major advances in information technology, were there alternative factors shaping late-20th century globalization? Motivated by recent studies documenting the relation between demilitarization and expanded international trade, I assemble a panel dataset from the last 140 years of bilateral...

This study estimates the economic effects of nuclear weapons development efforts in Pakistan using synthetic control group methods. Pakistan started its nuclear weapons program in 1972 and conducted its first test in 1998. This paper focuses on the growth impacts during the 1973 to 1997 period,...