The objective of this paper is to analyse profitability and risk through the return on equity (ROE) measure of the open economy insurance sector in a non-stable economic period with an economic shock chain, during the years 2018-2022, characterised by an overheating economy, the Covid pandemic,...

The valuing of a firm equity as a call option is a crucial problem in financial decision-making. There are two basic aspects that are studied; contingent claim features (payoff functions) and risk (stochastic process of underlying assets). However, non-preciseness (vagueness, uncertainty) of input...