There have always been self-employed workers in the construction industry. Craftsmen in particular are often self-employed workers. Approximately 14% of construction workers are self-employed today, according to “Employment in Europe 2005”. The level of self-employed workers is even higher...

The application of the EUBS (i.e the European Unemployment Benefit Scheme) might be source of legal and operational problems at domestic level. It is important to understand the EU legal sources and the differences between the EUBS forms, and their articulation with the National Unemployment...

With Italy having no minimum wage set by law, much relies on trade unions and employers' organisations to negotiate a minimum wage that enables posted workers to have a decent income. In any of the wage setting mechanisms, are there specific rules applicable to posted workers for the...

This study was commissioned by the European Parliament's Policy Department for Economic and Scientific Policy, upon request of the Committee on Employment and Social Affairs. It provides an overview of the Posting of Workers Directive, focusing on the current situation and major patterns...

This study was commissioned by the European Parliament's Policy Department for Economic and Scientific Policy, upon request of the Committee on Employment and Social Affairs. It provides an overview of the Posting of Workers Directive, focussing on the current situation and major patterns...

This study was commissioned by the European Parliament's Policy Department for Economic and Scientific Policy, upon request of the Committee on Employment and Social Affairs. It provides an overview of the Posting of Workers Directive, focussing on the current situation and major patterns...

By describing the changes in industrial relations (energy sector), we have shown the equilibrium that Italy, Germany and France have build to adapt their collective bargaining agreement models to the more competitive international economic frame

Employers’ associations (EAs) are important actors for the industrial relations and collective bargaining (CB) system. Employers and unions typically negotiate over work standards in wages and working conditions on behalf of their member companies and employees, respectively. While most of the...

During the COVID-19 pandemic all the EU Member States established some kind of job retention scheme to cushion the employment effects of the economic crisis. While all job retention schemes share this general objective, they differ considerably as regards their institutional design and...