This paper analyses the relationship between the EU sustainable finance legal framework (‘EU SF framework’) and the most common ESG standards. We present two different types of analysis. Firstly, we analyze the content of the international standards incorporated by reference in the EU SF...

After a crisis, broad and sweeping reforms are enacted to restore trust. Following the 2007-2008 Great Financial Crisis, the European Union has engaged in an ambitious overhaul of banking regulation. One of its centerpieces, the 2013 Fourth Capital Requirements Directive (CRD IV), tackles,...

This paper builds on the wide-ranging policy discussion on shareholder activism in Europe. It seeks to define which shareholder actions are useful in reducing managerial agency costs and which could be interpreted as frivolous or abusive. We develop a typology, comprising of a number of Abuse...

Datafied business models avoid traditional taxation in many respects since data, being among the important value drivers of datafied business, are neither adequately priced nor accounted for in the firm’s accounts. From a tax perspective, ignoring the value of data is inconsistent with the...

This paper focuses on how technology might reshape payments going forward. It considers the policy issues and choices associated with crypto-currencies, stablecoins and sovereign digital currencies and emphasises that there is no single model for sovereign digital currency design.While Bitcoin...