Purpose Rare but high impact (R-HI) disruptions, which are caused by legal changes, socio-technical accidents, or natural disasters, are becoming more frequent and have strong short-term and long-term impacts on performance. Meanwhile, the short-term perspective of managers leads to adoption of...

This study studies nudging information as a strategy that can complement or substitute externality pricing, by influencing commuter behavior through awareness of the health and environmental impacts of their choices. We develop a bi-modal model with road and metro commuters, with bottleneck...