&D efforts. Traditionally, the effects of R&D on productivity have been assessed from an econometrically estimated production … modelling the improvement of technology and the growth of total factor productivity. In this case, the residual of the … production function, which reflects total factor productivity, consists of two multiplicative components. The first component is …

Productivity in Finland has been increasing very rapidly since the 1980s. The increase from 1980 to 2001 was as much as … sector was 60 %, i.e., 2 times more than the industrial countries. average. Despite the rapid increase the productivity level … telecommunications and transportation, the productivity level is, however, very high by international standards. Productivity differences …