employment, especially among young and small companies. Impacts on the productivity are, however, uncertain. Cooperation of … help firms to grow larger but do not improve their productivity. …

&D efforts. Traditionally, the effects of R&D on productivity have been assessed from an econometrically estimated production … modelling the improvement of technology and the growth of total factor productivity. In this case, the residual of the … production function, which reflects total factor productivity, consists of two multiplicative components. The first component is …