L'Union européenne (UE) se trouve confrontée à un besoin critique de terres rares, en particulier de produits raffinés essentiels à la production de voitures électriques, de turbines et d'autres applications technologiques. Cependant, le processus de raffinage est non seulement...

The African continent is increasingly becoming a battleground in the race between superpowers for access to critical minerals needed for the 'Green Revolution', such as rare earth minerals (REE). Companies from China, the USA and Russia play a major role. In most cases, critical minerals are...

The European Union (EU) finds itself in a critical need for rare earths, particularly the refined products essential for the production of electric cars, turbines, and other technological applications. However, the refining process is not only energy-intensive but also poses significant...

This article analyses the compatibility of the European directive on biofuels with WTO trade rules. More precisely, it focuses on the European Commission's decision to submit biofuels to sustainable certification for those later being eligible to the tax exemption and counted in the mandatory...

L’activité humaine a transformé la planète à un rythme et à une échelle sans précédent dans l’histoire, causant des dommages irréversibles aux communautés et aux écosystèmes. Les pays ont concentré leurs capacités sur la croissance économique, avec peu d’attention aux...

It is widely argued that foreign trade is an important determinant of growth. However, empirical research on the link between economic Intraregional openness and economic growth are limited, especially in the context of Central Africa. In addition, recent studies were presented in the work of...

Money rules the world. But the importance of money is far greater than conventional economic theory and its heroic equations suggest. People have invented their own forms of currency, they have used money in ways that baffle market theorists, they have incorporated money into friendship and...

Since Russia's war in Ukraine, many European countries have been scrambling to find alternative energy sources. One of the answers was to increase imports of liquefied natural gas (LNG). By bypassing the use of pipelines from the East by building LNG terminals, the EU opened up a wider variety...

Human activity has transformed the planet at a pace and scale unprecedented in recorded history, causing irreversible damage to communities and ecosystems. Countries have focused their capacities on economic growth, with too little attention to externalities in terms of environmental quality....

L’allocation de permis d’émission, notamment celle s’inscrivant dans le cadre du Protocole de Kyoto pour six gaz à effet de serre (GES), a suscité et suscitent encore de vives discussions politiques sur la question de savoir qui (quel pays ou quelle région) devrait supporter un effort...