Has brain drain either negative or positive effect on the development and growth of those left behind? This paper shows empirical and theoretical relevance of the phenomenon and reviews both traditional literature and recent contributions about brain drain’s effects. First generation models...

The paper analyzes the units of full-time employment (ULA) as estimated by ISTAT National Accounts. The cyclical analysis can highlight the role that irregular employment (dependent and independent) play on the dynamics of the Italian economy, emphasizing the relationship of substitution between...