This paper introduces probability which represents symmetry transaction pattern into Roll [1984] and shows that the second autocorrelation for stockfs return is not necessarily zero. Glosten/Harris [1988] considers trader who symmetrically trades as information trader. Then I examine the...

This paper takes an overview over the historical paths toward the Economic and Currency Union launched in EU in the post-WWII era. Namely, it covers Snakes, European Monetary System, and establishment of the Economic and Currency Union. Moreover, the paper analyzes the uniform monetary policy...