Birmingham Assay Office was established in 1773 by Toy manufacturers producting plated goods like Matthew Boulton. Main products of Birmingham were plated by gilt technique, so it was not easy to get credit for their products as growing area. Assay office had to be needed not only for the...

This study explains the basic framework of the short-run Kaleckian model and the long-run Kaleckian model. The short-run Kaleckian model is a model in which the rate of capacity utilization is adjusted in response to excess demand and excess supply of the goods market with given capital stock....