or commodity taxes into quantitative and qualitative margins, which cause exogenous price changes for some specific goods … of unit values as a proxy variable for market prices, showed that qualitative response to price changes exists and its … were qualitative responses. As a key result, the price elasticity of -1.178 estimated by the usual demand model based on a …

living wage is a special kind of income tax of which marginal tax rate is -1, one can apply a classical theory of tax evasion … to understand illegal or excessive receipt of living wage caused by income under reporting. Utilizing a classical theory …

happen even under the second-price auction rule, and it happens only when the firms are different in the initial value or the … parameters under the modified rule than under the standard second-price auction rule …