The main purpose of this article is to prove that prices of selected metals quoted at London Metal Exchange could be described as biased random walks. In this paper hypothesis of black noise character of returns is verified (sequences are observed more frequently than reversals). Exploiting...

In the article two methods of estimating fractal dimension of financial time series are compared: variation method and method of area division. Both methods are used to estimate fractal dimension of chosen exchange rates time series.

The econometric literature offers various modeling approaches for analyzing micro data in combination with time series of aggregate data. This paper discusses the estimation of a VAR model that allows unobserved heterogeneity across observation unit, as well as unobserved time-specific...