In this article external orientation indicators for the Brazilian manufacturing industry are outlined. These indicators … study shows that the net external orientation coefficient for the manufacturing sector as a whole dropped by 11.3% between … 1989 and 1998, diminishing the positive effect that currency devaluation could have had on the manufacturing sector. (Rev …

manufacturing industry and the trade pattern. The principal empirical findings suggest the following results for the 1990's: i …) expressive gains in labor productivity and reduction of the average real costs for most sectors of the manufacturing industry …