The World Bank (WB) was found in accordance with the Bretton Woods agreement in 1944 with the mission of assisting post war reconstruction and alleviating poverty. The WB is an international institution that aims to expand development through the allocation of loans in developing countries with...

The Menderes era can be seen the first birth for the modern Turkey. The reason is that all political and economic policies implemented in this period were completely adverse of the previous era (the Inonu era). Nevertheless, structural economic insufficiencies also brought the end of this...

The problems Turkey faces today are because of neither poor performances of a few governments nor solely economic factors. Turkey has serious structural difficulties in the fields of economic, political and human rights which have been seen in totalitarian and authoritarian countries of Latin...

This paper examines the effects of exchange rate volatility on the export of Turkey in the context of cointegration model over the monthly period of 1989:01-2002:08. The major results show that increases in the volatility of the real exchange rate, approximating exchange-rate uncertainty, exert...

Turkish Abstract: En önemli siyasal ve ekonomik bütünleşme hareketlerinden birisi olan Avrupa Birliği ile olan ilişkiler üye olsun olmasın çoğu ülkeler icin önem taşımaktadır. Zira bu ülkeler topluluğu önemli bir boyuta ulaşmakta ve bu ‘pazar’ ile alışveriş yapacak...

Turkish Abstract: 'Özel Çekme Hakları' deyimi baslıca iki şeyi ifade etmektedir: Birinci olarak bir 'hesap birimini' simgelemektedir. Öte yandan bir 'açık kredi' anlamına gelmektedir. Özel Çekme Hakları Para Fonu'nun bir hesap standardı olarak görülmelidir. Bunların 'kağıt...

The standard theory of international trade almost implies that trade patterns are highly static and persistent. Therefore, the issue of trade duration is generally ignored in these standard trade models. The literature on trade duration has been popular since the seminal works by Besedes and...

Turkey has started to implement the export-oriented foreign trade strategy in place of foreign trade importsubstitution strategy with the decisions of January 24, 1980. The 1980s, that began to implement the export-oriented foreign trade strategy,was a period in which economic and trade...

Many developed and developing countries, who want to fulfill their social responsibilities covering investment spending that requires long-term, are passed to the multi-year budgeting practices instead of the classic one-year budget execution. In this respect, Turkey has passed multi-year...

The Republic of Azerbaijan is one of the oil and gas rich countires of the former Soviet Union. After the second stage of the Shah Deniz gas field, natural gas exltation and exportation became one of the key issues in Azerbaijan’s oil and gas stategy. Diversification of the oil and gas...