Hofstede's Culture's Consequences (1980) found out four dimensions of culture from the survey of IBM. To inquire into the cultural features of Japanese companies (three leading companies of the computer industry) and 13 subsidiaries of nine countries, we adopted the uncertainty avoidance index...

The failure of Japan National Railways (JNR) was caused by some factors, that is the competitive disadvantage in transportation, the increased high labor costs, the financial failure, and so on. In this paper, we focus on the financing schemes to construct railroads that brought on JNR's...

Hofstede's Culture's Consequences (1980) found out four dimensions of culture from the survey of IBM. To inquire into the cultural features of Japanese companies (three leading companies of the computer industry) and 13 subsidiaries of nine countries, we adopted the uncertainty avoidance index...

In the years from 1967 to 1973, Hofstede collected about 70,000 questionnaires from 40 subsidiaries of IBM, and compared cultures between 40 nations. He examined the data set of IBM and found four dimensions of national culture such as power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism, and...

The notion of 'organization activation' was first developed in the field of the Japanese style organization development in the 1970s. In this paper, we propose a definition of the activated state of the organization and provide a framework by applying the results of a mathematical theory of...