The German Energiekonzept (Energy Concept) was proposed in 2010 with the goal of making the country one of the world’s most energy efficient and environmentally friendly economies (Bundesregierung, 2011). One year later, as a reaction to the multiple reactor meltdowns in Fukushima, this...

Privatization and deregulation in the electricity sector led to competitive markets (pools and power exchanges) for wholesale trading and retail markets. Deregulation was aimed at improving efficiency and reliability, as well as achieving higher quality and overall lower costs. South America has...