This article analyzes the two wise girls puzzle, which is a simpler variant of the so-called three wise men puzzle, with some proof-theoretic tools. We formulate the puzzle in an epistemic logic. Our chief assumption is that the reasoning ability of each player of the puzzle is equivalent to...

We examine the effect of the matching mechanism on learning in 2 × 2 games. Six games are played repeatedly under either fixed pairs or random matching. Unlike most economics experiments, the games are played under limited information: subjects are never shown the games' payoff matrices nor...

Game theorists typically assume that changing a game’s payoff levels—by adding the same constant to, or subtracting it from, all payoffs—should not affect behavior. While this invariance is an implication of the theory when payoffs mirror expected utilities, it is an empirical question...