Countries that entered the European Monetary Union had to do so at exchange rates that are close to equilibrium levels. So when are exchange rates at equilibrium levels? Real Exchange Rates for the Year 2000 discusses the fundamental equilibrium exchange rate (FEER) method and estimates FEERS...

Countries that entered the European Monetary Union had to do so at exchange rates that are close to equilibrium levels. So when are exchange rates at equilibrium levels? Real Exchange Rates for the Year 2000 discusses the fundamental equilibrium exchange rate (FEER) method and estimates FEERS...

Fundamental Equilibrium Exchange Rates, or FEERs, are defined as the real exchange rate which would prevail if the economy were to be in internal and external equilibrium. As such they have been widely used both for policy purposes and as a method of calculating the level to which the real...

This paper assesses the scale of the costs of European Monetary Union when shocks are asymmetric. This is done considering time consistent policies within a small theoretical two country model, with parameter values chosen from empirical work. The model builds on earlier work by incoporating a...

This paper examines the evidence for two of the relationships that underpin (explicitly or implicitly) much of international macroeconomics. The first is purchasing power parity (PPP), or the hypothesis that there exists a constant long-run equilibrium real exchange rate. The second establishes...

During the second half of the 1990s the US economy was characterized as the Goldilocks economy: not too hot, nor too cold, but just right. It was argued that this represented a new paradigm, enabling unemployment to remain low without igniting inflationary pressure. We examine the evidence for a...