The preponderance of minimal second language acquisition by immigrants worldwide is striking. This paper proposes a theoretical model, which analyzes the underlying forces that contribute to this outcome of minimal secondary language acquisition by immigrants in such diverse immigrant-receiving...

Germany and Canada stand at polar ends of the scientific debate over language integration and ascension to citizenship. German naturalization, as of January 2000, contains an explicit language criterion for naturalization. The first German immigration act that will presumably come into effect on...

The central aim of this paper is to assess the effects of changing Canadian immigration policies circa 1967-87 on the human capital flows from developed and less developed countries to Canada. Calculations of various replacement cost concepts for the human capital flows are made for three major...

Canada admits refugees on the basis of compassion and not economic criteria. It is however, important to document the economic successes or failures among Canada’s refugee population in order to understand how post arrival integration policies affect refugee economic performance. This essay...

This paper explores the relative success of ethnic and immigrant Ukrainians in Canada and in the United States. We found evidence for both a sheepskin and citizenship effects, which partially explains the strong economic performance of Ukrainian immigrants in Canada. Ukrainian immigrants to the...