We examine a simple estimator for the multivariate moving average model based on vector autoregressive approximation. In finite samples the estimator has a bias which is low where roots of the characteristic equation are well away from the unit circle, and more substantial where one or more...

This paper provides a critical survey of the methods employed to model the effects of risk in econometric models. Most of the popular methods are shown to suffer from errors-in-variables bias, and an instrumental variable method is suggested to overcome this problem. The technique exploits the...