Brazilian universities were created initially with a teaching mission, later incorporating research activities along with the implementation of graduate programs. Recently, new public policies supporting the innovation process have been implemented to encourage universities to assume a more...

In post-socialist countries there is a mismatch between highly developed S&T human resources and lagging industrial restructuring. The lack of incentives and assistance, which discourage many more people from applying their research skills to industry, is the greatest blockage to these countries...