In light of growing intermediate goods trade, Johnson and Noguera (2012) developed theoretical and empirical research on the new concept of trade in value added in place of gross trade. However, they did not deal with the relationship between the new value added trade balance and the gross trade...

This paper examines the relationship between raw materials prices and economic growth through two channels, the terms of trade (ToT) and energy efficiency (EF), in three emerging Pacific Rim economies, Russia, Indonesia and Malaysia. We demonstrate positive relationships between changes in...

This paper demonstrates that the bilateral equivalence between trade in value added (TiVA) and value added content of trade. TiVA, based on value added exports, which is proposed by Johnson-Noguera and OECD-WTO, measures origin country’s value added exports induced by each destination...