The U.S. and E.U. have recently increased prosecution of international cartels; few developing countries have similar enforcement. If these cartels have significant effects on developing economies, the lack of antitrust enforcement is a problem. Geographically limited prosecutions may not...

We examine the possible effects of private international cartels on developing countries by looking in detail at three recent cartel cases, as well as at a broader cross-section of 42 recently prosecuted international cartels. We discuss the indirect effects on developing country producers,...

We need to assure that any implementation of an “inability to pay†policy has specific, objective, and transparent criteria. Margaret Levenstein & Valerie Suslow (Univ. of Michigan)

Enforcement against international cartels surged in the late 1990s. Despite this enforcement activity, there are good reasons to doubt that national laws sufficiently deter cartel formation.The enforcement record of the 1990s shows that private international cartels are not defunct - nor do they...