Crew and vehicle scheduling are fundamental issues in public transit management. Informally, they can be described as the problem of determining the optimal duties for a set of crews (e.g., bus drivers) or vehicles (e.g., buses) so as to cover a given set of timetabled trips, satisfying a number...

Several branch-and-bound algorithms for the exact solution of the asymmetric traveling salesman problem (ATSP), based on the assignment problem (AP) relaxation, have been proposed in the literature. These algorithms perform very well for some instances (e.g., those with uniformly random integer...