Following the Loss Distribution Approach (LDA), this article develops two procedures for the simulation of an annual loss distribution for the modeling of operational risk. First, we provide an overview of the typical compound-process LDA used widely in operational risk modeling, before...

The auxiliary particle filter (APF) introduced by Pitt and Shephard [Pitt, M.K., Shephard, N., 1999. Filtering via simulation: Auxiliary particle filters. J. Am. Statist. Ass. 94, 590-599] is a very popular alternative to Sequential Importance Sampling and Resampling (SISR) algorithms to perform...