While recent studies document increasing idiosyncratic volatility over the past four decades, an explanation for this trend remains elusive. We establish a theoretical link between growth options available to managers and the idiosyncratic risk of equity. Empirically both the level and variance...

While recent studies document increasing idiosyncratic volatility over the past four decades, an explanation for this trend remains elusive. We establish a theoretic link between growth options available to managers and the idiosyncratic risk of equity. Empirically both the level and variance of...

Recently, nature-inspired algorithms have increasingly attracted the attention of researchers. Due to the fact that in BPSO the position vectors consisting of ‘0’ and ‘1’ can be seen as a decision behavior (support or oppose), in this paper, we propose a BPSO with hierarchical structure...

This research examines why and how brand owners in China adopt and use mobile media in marketing campaigns to deliver co-creation brand experiences and build consumer relationships. China represents an interesting case to study as it has leapfrogged into the age of consumer society and mobile...

Due to advantages such as high energy density, high power density, rapid charge and discharge, high cyclic-life, and environmentally friendly, flywheel energy storage systems (FESs) are widely used in various fields. However, the performance of FES systems depends on the performance of a high...

This paper investigated a 12-slot/11-pole flux switching permanent magnet (FSPM) machine used for electric vehicles (EVs). Five novel rotor teeth shapes are proposed and researched to reduce the cogging torque and torque ripple of the FSPM machine. These rotor teeth shapes are notched teeth,...