We review the facts pertaining to some recent antimonopoly cases in Japan involving interference with unauthorized imports, so-called parallel imports, and propose economic explanations for the behavior of the foreign manufacturers in these cases. Japan's intellectual property law provides a...

A measure of number of steps in the wholesale distribution chain is proposed and calculated for Japan, the United States, and Germany and for different kinds of business within Japan and within the United States. Economic factors that influence the number of wholesale steps in the distribution...

In this paper, we use a spatial competition model developed by Pal (1998) to analyze producer imposed retail price ceilings and producer assigned exclusive geographic sales territories. Two wholesale distributors are presumed to each have a single collection point respectively from which they...