Under the National Banking System, 1863-1914, national banks that deposited sufficient collateral could issue notes provided they paid a tax on notes in circulation: 1 percent per year before 1900 and 1/2 percent thereafter. Because note issue was far below the allowed maximum, an arbitrage...

Although the notion of a liquidity structure of asset yields is widely accepted, there do not seem to be models of such a structure. Here, the liquidity of an asset is taken to be its transaction velocity, the amount traded per unit time divided by the stock. Assets are assumed to be indivisible...