This roadmap provides strategic analysis of the offshore wind development potential in Vietnam, considering the opportunities and challenges under different growth scenarios. It is intended to provide evidence to support the Government of Vietnam in establishing policy, regulations, processes,...

The objective of this study is to identify the most suitable zones for solar and wind power development in Pakistan. The study was carried out by a team of expert consultants over a period of 18 months in collaboration with all the key federal organizations in power system planning, led by the...

This paper recommends a system of upstream taxes on fossil fuels, combined with refunds for downstream emissions capture, to reduce carbon and local pollution emissions. Motor fuel taxes should also account for congestion and other externalities associated with vehicle use, at least until...

This paper provides an overview of the key economic factors that shape tax policy reform in many high-income countries, developing countries, and/or transition economies. The paper describes and evaluates global and regional developments with respect to tax rates and revenue ratios over the last...

This paper examines the relative merits of two dominant economic instruments for reducing pollution—”green” taxes and tradable permits. Theoretically, the two instruments share many similarities, and on balance, neither seems preferable to the other. In practice, however, most countries...

This paper compares the optimal environmental tax with two alternative definitions of marginal environmental damages. One definition reflects the social marginal rate of substitution between income and the environment; the other reflects the sum of households' marginal willingness to pay. The...