Mendelian randomization methods, which use genetic variants as instrumental variables for exposures of interest to overcome problems of confounding and reverse causality, are becoming widespread for assessing causal relationships in epidemiological studies. The main purpose of this paper is to...

The literature that examines the relationship between child or adolescent Body Mass Index (BMI) and academic attainment generally finds mixed results. This may be due to the use of different data sets, conditioning variables, or methodologies: studies either use an individual fixed effects (FE)...

Many studies have demonstrated the graded association between socioeconomic position and health. Few of these studies have examined the cumulative effect of socioeconomic position throughout the lifecourse, and even fewer have included women. Those that have explored gender differences affirm...

This paper considers mortality for ages 15-64 for the period 1981-97 in Britain according to population deciles defined by an area-based poverty measure. Over the study period there has been a polarization of life chances such that by 1994-97 almost one quarter of deaths in this age group can be...

Many studies have suggested that occupational stress may be related to the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD), independently of other known risk factors. Despite the recognition of job satisfaction as a particular form of stress, however, few studies have examined its association with...

The aim of this article is to examine the relationship between income and morbidity, both before and after controlling for other socio-economic variables. We use data from the Health and Lifestyle Survey (first wave), a national sample survey of adults, aged 18 upwards, in England, Wales and...

Blaxter has hypothesized that harmful behavioral habits like smoking have a greater impact on health in the non-manual than in the manual social classes, possibly because other adverse exposures have a more important role in the manual social classes. However, the outcome measure used was a...

In this study we examine the relationship between education, racial discrimination and health among white (n = 227), African Caribbean (n = 213) and Indian and Pakistani (n = 233) adults aged between 18 and 59 years living in Leeds, England, as measured in a stratified...

The contemporary labour market is widely regarded as having become more "flexible". It is proposed that such flexibility is a characteristic of employment histories which will have effects on psychosocial status, health-related behaviour, and physical health. Recent increases in flexibility are...