The present study calculates variable, cross-sectional as well as longitudinal equivalence scales on the basis of the German 1984-2010 Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) database for West Germany. It follows the "individual variant" for calculating subjective equivalence scales using "life...

During the last two decades the evolution of self-employment in Germany has been characterized by a slow increase after the numbers had declined over a period of several decades. Analysing portraits and conditions of this increase in greater detail, a more differentiated picture emerges. It...

The paper combines conceptual thoughts on the development of self-employment within stratified modern societies with empirical reflections based on public census data for Germany. Talk about the rise and future of self-employment must be linked to the discussion about changes in the structure of...

It is not clear, whether changes in self-employment are primarily driven by the necessity to take part in the labour market, or if those activities reflect new modes of labour market integration revealing new opportunities and markets, which are especially due in wide parts to the service and...

A paradigm shift in Germany - the «Altersvermögens- und Altersvermögensergänzungsgesetz» - should result in more individualized and capital funded old age provision. Consequently, the overall benefit level in old age now depends to a larger extent and systematically on the interplay between...

"Die Längsschnittuntersuchung befaßt sich mit dem Problembereich der wiederholt auftretenden Arbeitslosigkeit bei den gleichen Personen, der Mehrfacharbeitslosigkeit. Sie stellt den Versuch dar, deren Ausmaß und Entwicklung über den Zeitraum von 1950 bis 1980 zu beschreiben sowie...