This paper proposes a multidimensional index of regional and global orientation that can be used in confirmatory studies with econometric methodologies. Unlike extant measures, the index is objectively scaled, and controls for home country orientation and market size differences. The index is...

We extend the “centers of excellence” concept to address the diversity and multidimensionality of subsidiary competence. Using Rugman and Verbeke's diamond network model, we hypothesize the contingencies influencing the links between host-country environments and subsidiary competence...

We combine the concept of location derived by economic geographers with theories of the multinational enterprise (MNE) and the liability of foreignness developed by international business scholars, to examine the factors that propel MNEs toward, or away from, “global cities”. We argue that...

This article analyzes political strategies of MNC subsidiaries in emerging markets. We find that institutional pressures from public and private non-market actors in the emerging market lead to increased political activism. Furthermore, we find that these relationships become stronger, when the...