Consumers living near the U.S.-Canada border can shift their expenditures between the two countries, so real exchange rate fluctuations can act as demand shocks to border areas' retail trade industries. Using annual county-level data, we estimate the effects of real exchange rates on the number...

Aggressive deregulation of the mortgage market in the early 1980s triggered innovations that greatly reduced the required home equity of U.S. households. This allowed households to cash-out a large part of accumulated equity, which equaled 71 percent of GDP in 1982. A borrowing surge followed:...

This paper examines the transitional dynamics of economic integration in the two country endogenous growth model of Rivera-Batiz and Romer (1991) and in an extension by Rivera-Batiz and Xie (1992). It is shown that, in the absence of knowledge flows across countries economic integration will...