Cellulosic biofuels have been proposed to replace part of traditional liquid transportation fuels. Cellulosic biomass is the feedstock in cellulosic biofuel manufacturing. Costs associated with collection and transportation of cellulosic biomass account for more than 80 percent of the feedstock...

Cellulosic ethanol made from cellulosic biomass is an alternative to petroleum-based transportation fuel. The cost-effectiveness of cellulosic ethanol manufacturing has been hindered by several technical barriers. One such barrier is that low density of biomass causes high costs of biomass...

Cellulosic ethanol made from cellulosic biomass is a promising alternative to petroleum-based transportation fuels. Enzymatic hydrolysis is a crucial step in cellulosic ethanol production. In order to better understand the mechanisms of enzymatic hydrolysis, relationships between cellulosic...

Cellulosic ethanol produced from cellulosic biomass is an alternative to petroleum-based transportation fuels. Raw cellulosic biomass has low density, causing high costs in their storage, transportation, and handling. Ultrasonic vibration-assisted (UV-A) pelleting can increase the density of...

Using simple statistical analysis of county-level budgetary data from across all of China's counties, the present paper examines whether the post-1994 fiscal decentralization has affected redistribution at the county-level. The new fiscal system has been less able to narrow inter-county...

In this paper, we develop an endogenous growth model that combines structural change with repeated product improvements. There are two sectors in the present paper, one is traditional sector, and the other is modern sector. The technological progress in the traditional sector takes the form of...

The authors develop an endogenous growth model that combines structural change with repeated product improvement. That is, the technologies in one sector of the model become not only increasingly capital-intensive, but also progressively productive over time. Application of the basic model to...

The effect of MgO on structure and dielectric properties of aluminoborosilicate glasses was investigated. FTIR data indicated that glass network was mainly built by tetrahedral [SiO4], [BO4], [AlO4] and trigonal [BO3]. A small amount of AlO5 or AlO6 units also existed. The glass system was...

RO-Al2O3-B2O3-SiO2 (R = Ca, Mg) glasses containing different concentrations of TiO2 (ranging from 0 to 9 mol.%) were prepared by conventional melting method. When TiO2 was present in lower concentrations (≤ 6 mol.%), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated that titanium ions...

Naoli river basin(NRB), with an area of 24,863 km<Superscript>2</Superscript>, is the largest basin and also the largest marsh distribution area in Sanjiang Plain, Heilongjiang, China. The hydrological evolution process of wetland in NRB has made a marked ecological responses for anthropic activities, also reflects the...</superscript>