In many developed countries attempts to reform physicians payment schemes have failed. To analyze some of the difficulties, this paper studies reforms of payment schemes in situations such as the physician agency, where the quality of the good produced is imperfectly observable by the payer. We...

The present Paper investigates political constraints that may impair attempts to reform payment schemes of a given profession. When the good produced (e.g. health care) is imperfectly observable by the payer (e.g. health insurance), asymmetries of information limit the possibility to base...

This paper studies how competition in health insurance markets may improve the health system efficiency, while respecting some equity constraints. The analysis is based upon theoretical arguments, and lessons drawn from some recent reforms in other countries. The regulation of the relationship...

In a static exchange economy, when all the endowments are issued as securities on a stock exchange, Pareto optimal allocations may be reached by trading options on the market index (see Breeden and Litzenberger (1978)). We extend this result when some of the risks cannot be exchanged on the...