It is widely recognized that nonagricultural earnings are crucial for the welfare of rural households in developing countries. In this study, we investigate whether workers close to cities are paid higher nonagricultural wages than workers in outlying rural areas. We find that workers close to...

Transboundary pollution is a particularly serious problem as it leads people located at regional borders to disproportionately suffer from pollution. In China, where the environmental policy is decentralized and where environmental conflicts between provinces have occurred several times,...