This paper deals with optimal payment systems. The issue boils down to how large are the costs of different payment media, which can be interpreted as a question of the efficiency of the means of payment. However, there are other qualifications related to the choice of payment media. Here, at...

This study utilises payment system data to analyse market participants’ liquidity usage and to trace interest rates paid on overnight loans. Our aim is to examine how liquidity usage has changed during the years 2006–2/2011 and to combine this information with data on overnight lending rates...

This article deals with the issue of how the market structure in banking affects the choice of the means of payment. In particular, the demand for cash is analysed from this point of view. The analysis is based on a simple spatial transactions model in which banks' optimization problem is...

This study discusses the effects of the Automated Teller Machine (ATM) network market structure on the availability of cash withdrawal ATM services and cash usage. The aim and novelty of the study is to construct the ATM equation. The study also contributes to the earlier discussion on the...