While EU and US sanctions against Russia over its aggression in Ukraine, and Russia’s counter-sanctions, are much discussed due to their evident political significance, less attention has been given to Russia’s punitive sanctions against the three Eastern European states – Ukraine, Moldova...

Conceived in 2003 and 2004, the European Neighborhood Policy (ENP) has now had two years of operational experience. This initial experience has seen a sorting out of the partner states, with Action Plans drawn up for five Eastern and seven Southern partner states. This paper distinguishes among...

To date, prices of gas and other energy used by households in Ukraine have been generously subsidized by the Government. However, suppressed energy prices lead to excessive use of gas and an inefficient level of investment into energy savings. In addition, Ukraine’s dependence on imported gas...

The EU has been one of the largest trade partners for so called Eastern Partnership (EaP) countries, namely Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine. Commodity turnover of these countries with the EU vary between 30% and 50% of total, but their access to the EU market is less...

Die Ukraine - nach wie vor eines der ärmsten Länder Europas - erreichte in den letzten Jahren ein kräftiges Wirtschaftswachstum. Von 2000 bis 2002 stieg das reale Bruttoinlandsprodukt um durchschnittlich 6,6 % pro Jahr, und im laufenden Jahr werden wohl fast 8 % erreicht. Im internationalen...