The strength of the United Kingdom’s central finance agency (H.M. Treasury) has been attributed to its broad and powerful influence on policy issues; the high intellectual standards of its staff; the relatively clear division between the “official” treasury and the political level; and the...

This article addresses issues relating to the establishment and financial management of extrabudgetary funds (EBFs), a large group of government entities and accounts. The article develops a typology of EBFs and argues that they are frequently created because of budget system failures and...

This article assesses the role and responsibilities of the budget advisor in developing countries and what factors make for success and failure. Since efficient budget institutions are important, the role of the budget advisor may include providing advice on institutional issues as well as on...

This paper traces balance-of-payments developments in eastern Europe and the USSR over the last decade and examines their potential for adjustment. The growth of external debt and the balance of payments deficit, possible reasons for the area's poor trade performance and the factors which may...

This study is intended to help underpin a more coordinated, effective approach to assessing and reforming systems for public expenditure, procurement, and financial accountability in developing countries-especially countries that receive international aid for budget support. Such support, also...