In present study, we investigated jet fuel production process, including the crude oil-based conventional process, unconventional oil sources-based process, Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (F–T) process and renewable jet fuel process and analyzed the details of each jet fuel production process....

What costs is it worth incurring to avoid the risk of climate change? People rarely think of this as a question amenable to a precise answer. Yet an answer can be calculated: it depends on the following four parameters (at least). These are (1) the probability distribution of the effects of...

In this paper it is shown how a general two-sided orthant probability for a quadrivariate normal distribution can be evaluated by a one-dimensional numerical integral calculation. The quadrivariate normal distribution can have any covariance matrix and any mean vector. This affords a practical...

A two-step infinite α-cuts fuzzy linear programming (TSIFP) method is developed in this study. The introduction of infinite α-cuts to conventional fuzzy linear programming frameworks makes it possible to generate more reliable optimal results than conventional fuzzy linear programming, where...

Eutrophication of surface water is a worldwide concern. Sediments may play an important role in buffering phosphorus (P) concentration in the overlying water column. However, information on the spatial variation of sediment P availability as affected by agricultural water discharge and...

In the past decade, the development of nanoelectronics and nano-optics has attracted much interest in surface nanostructuring of semiconductor materials. The irradiation of a microlens array by a laser beam generates many focused light spots, which can act as a direct writing tool on...