In principle, two different types of working-time instruments were used to introduce working-time changes during the crisis. First, work-sharing schemes (with their country-specific institutional background and public subsidies); second, working-time adjustments based on unilateral or bilateral...

The ongoing penetration of large amounts of wind power capacities in Germany has strong impacts on the necessary promotion volumes (direct costs of Renewable Energy Source (RES) promotion) but also on necessary grid extensions, the future need for regulating and reserve power capacities, the...