Expenditure on education is very often justified on the grounds that it is the means of providing equality of opportunity. Actually, at least two related factors prevent each child from getting an equal chance to flourish academically. Firstly, in a dual system of education, elite private...

We argue that Pakistan is unlikely to change its human development ranking and bring it closer to its ranking in per-capita GDP until it copes with it's low achievement in basic schooling. This paper draws on the experience of private sector and NGO schools to identify lessons for the government...

This paper has three objectives. First, to contribute to the literature by carefully documenting home based work in four sectors in Pakistan in a value chain context. Second, to demonstrate the extent to which home-based workers are deprived of the value they create by tracking the distribution...