Markov chain, proved the following conclusions: First, the “altruistic punishment”, even though not a Nash equilibrium, can … be the only mutation-selection equilibrium when the population size goes to infinity; Second, the “cooperation”, even if … been strictly dominated by the defection and altruistic punishment in the matrix game, will be the unique equilibrium of …

Markov chain, proved the following conclusions: First, the “altruistic punishment”, even though not a Nash equilibrium, can … be the only mutation-selection equilibrium when the population size goes to infinity; Second, the “cooperation”, even if … been strictly dominated by the defection and altruistic punishment in the matrix game, will be the unique equilibrium of …

equilibrium when the manager has a prejudice against some applicant or has a consideration about his own future promotion …