This paper briefly surveys the development of international finance theories after the 1960s. The important theories reviewed in this paper include: exchange rate dynamics, policy pre-announcement, first-generation currency crises, intertemporal optimizing model, exchange rate target zones,...

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Both theoretical and empirical analyses show that the relationship between population development and carbon emissions is dynamic, and the population elasticity of carbon emissions is a nonlinear function of population size, age structure, household size, urbanization, sex structure, and...