In this paper, in order to study the strategic interactions between “cooperation”, “defection” and “altruistic punishment”, a mutation-selection dynamics, with the Prisoner's Dilemma as the background, has been established on an embedded Markov chain, proved the following...

In this paper, in order to study the strategic interactions between “cooperation”, “defection” and “altruistic punishment”, a mutation-selection dynamic, with the Prisoner's Dilemma as the background, has been established on an embedded Markov chain, proved the following conclusions:...

Generally, Political Business Cycles happens in western economy, which reflects that macro-economy fluctuating is according with election cycles. The reason is that statesmen and citizens often do not have the same interest. And also, there is information asymmetry between them. Consequently,...

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Chinese Abstract:...

English Abstract: The authors review the availability and allocation of commercial credit in China, the investment options presented to savers and the funding options available to Chinese banks. They highlight the markets intrinsic deficiencies, vast externalities and tremendous potentials for...