, education and childcare expenditure on estimates of income inequality and poverty for 24 European countries. The empirical … results show significant effects of public in-kind transfers on the level of income inequality and poverty for all countries …. Over the period 2006–2018, inequality and poverty estimates display rather different trends across European countries. …

, there is little reliable evidence on how the inclusion of such non-cash income actually affects poverty and inequality … subgroups offsets about half the inequality reduction and some of the poverty decrease. -- Income distribution ; poverty … and administrative registers we find that the inclusion of non-cash income reduces income inequality by about 15 percent …

, there is little reliable evidence on how the inclusion of such non-cash income actually affects poverty and inequality … subgroups offsets about half the inequality reduction and some of the poverty decrease … and administrative registers we find that the inclusion of non-cash income reduces income inequality by about 15 percent …

In seeking to understand inequality today, a great deal can be learned from history. However, there are few countries … for which the long-run development of income inequality has been charted. Many countries have records of incomes, taxes … and social support. This paper presents a new methodology constructing income inequality indices from such data. The …